Technofunc mcgregors leadership theory x and theory y. This approach is derived from fred fiedlers research over various leadership styles. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your management style. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. In addition, minimal access to data on financials for small and. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y.
Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. The latter theory has a much more positive view about employees and it is suggested that the employer is under a lot less pressure than one who is influenced by the management style of theory x. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural. Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people, for the economic benefit of the firm.
You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. The next section of the chapter is devoted to an account of the characteristics that a. In theory y, the work tends to be organized around wider areas of skill or knowledge. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. The magnitude of the task that confronts us will then, i think, be apparent.
Clearly, a theory y approach sounds more appealing but, in fact, different members of one team might benefit from different management approaches, depending on the situation. This approach is derived from fred fiedlers research over various leadership styles known as the contingency. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x.
Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. For mcgregor, theory x and theory y are not opposite ends of the same continuum, but rather two different continua in themselves. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Theories x, y and various versions of z have been used in human resource management, organizational behavior, organizational communication and organizational development. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Theory x, theory y, management style, psychological contract. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Theory x and theory y team management training from.
Theory x pertains and offers importance to strict supervision, additional rewards and external penalties in order to keep individuals concentration at work. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. He assumed that the leaders in organization have diverse views on the skills and. Work can be very normal if the working environments are positive. Jul 08, 2017 theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. In strong contrast to theory x are the assumptions of theory y. May 15, 2017 theory x undertakes that the principal source of most employee motivation is monetary, with a strong security. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees.
Douglas mcgregor, a behavior management theorist who was heavily influenced by both abraham maslow and. Theory x and theory y assumptions, merits and demerits. Theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Jun 25, 2019 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Mcgregor considers theory x and theory y as two different continua in themselves, they are not different ends of the same continuum. Aug 21, 2015 mc gregors theory x and y are still applicable in todays leadership styles.
According to theory x, there is complete centralization of authority, in the organisation, i. Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Theory x and theory y were developed in the 1960s and describe two different, almost opposite, attitudes to motivation in the workplace. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. However, the literature has a limited number of studies. Theory x undertakes that the principal source of most employee motivation is monetary, with a strong security. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business.
In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee. The theories attempt to show how a managers perception of his team affects the behaviour of the manager and how they treat their team. Theory x and theory y according to mcgregor 1969, theory x and theory y explain describe the differences in management styles and the behavior of leadership. Mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregors in his book the human side of enterprise published in 1960, explained two different kinds of theories or assumptions about human behavior. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. Understand the contrast between the two theories or completely different styles of management and learn how you can apply this in your organizational context. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people.
Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account. Theory x and theory y 875 assumptions about human behavior in organiza. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Cosmology the disordered formless matter supposed to have existed. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. In a nutshell, theory x states that people inherently dislike their jobs, see them as a necessary evil, are unmotivated, and must be externally controlled throughout the day by coercion, direction, or threat of punishment. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y.
This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. And i can suggest tentativelysome of the propositions that will compose a more adequate theory of the management of people. Theory x and theory y mcgregor and leadership motivation hr. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. Theory x power is supreme is the main theme of the theory where the people at work level have no authority to suggest or object anything except to carry out the orders of the supervisor.
Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. As per assumption of mcgregors theory x, the employees really dislike the work, so they are forced to do it. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on. Unlike, decentralisation of authority is presumed in theory y, which involves. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavior. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business.
This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. Theory x and theory y are wellresearched leadership principles. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. In order to achieve the most efficient production, a combination of both theories may be appropriate. Rewards theory x organizations work on a carrot and stick basis, and performance is part of the overall mechanisms of control.
Theory x is characterised by tight external control on the employees, whereas theory y features leniency in control. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and responsibility. Employees are also encouraged to develop expertise and make suggestions and improvements. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education.
X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Theory z is a name for various theories of human motivation built on douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y. Learn about theory x and theory y proposed by mcgregor in 1960s and understand what management styles they encourage respectively. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y. Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison.
Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. All such moves demonstrate industry leadership, setting the company apart from competitors and. Beyond this point, the two theories of management diverge. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Mba 101 leadership, motivation mcgregor theory x and theory y. Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and.
My rationale is based on the fact that the assumptions of the leader on the part of the employee who is in the category of theory x reflects the total mental make up of an individual. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Aug 05, 2019 theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory y highlights the work satisfaction of employees and gives authority to. The trick is to be aware of your assumptions and to adapt your management style, so that all members of your team can benefit. Our article on transformational leadership can also. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. Theory y and negatively related to theory x, withlarger theory y effect sizes. Psychological safety partially mediated the relationship between theory y and the dependent variables y.
It then discusses another way of categorizing leadership styles, based on the leadership grid, and explores the view that a leader needs to use different styles in different situations. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and positive view of workers. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. In this video we are going to be looking at douglas mcgregor theory x and theory y managers. Theory x holds a negative traditional view of the workers while theory y holds a much refined and.